PMC

^a Mean (SD = 10), general population (reference). ^b Mean = 48.4 (SD = 9.9), all patients with epilepsy. ^c Mean = 47.4 (SD = 8.6), patients with epilepsy with ≥1 gap in care quality. ^d Mean = 48.0 (SD = 8.8), patients with epilepsy who missed antiepileptic drug (AED) prescription. ^e Mean = 44.4 (SD = 9.4), patients with epilepsy who missed AED prescription due to cost. ^f Mean = 44.9 (SD = 7.6), patients with epilepsy who are experiencing side effects from AED. ^g Mean = 43.4 (SD = 10.0), patients with epilepsy with ≥11 seizures per month in the last 3 months. Comparison of PROMIS-10 physical health subset mean scores between patients with epilepsy care quality gaps, all patients with epilepsy, and the general (reference) population. (B) ^a Mean (SD = 10), general population (reference). ^b Mean = 46.6 (SD = 9.3), all patients with epilepsy. ^c Mean = 45.4 (SD = 9.3), patients with epilepsy with ≥1 gap in care quality. ^d Mean = 46.4 (SD = 8.9), patients with epilepsy who missed AED prescription. ^e Mean = 40.9 (SD = 6.8), patients who missed AED prescription due to cost. ^f Mean = 42.7 (SD = 8.8), patients with epilepsy who are experiencing side effects from AED. ^g Mean = 41.0 (SD = 8.7), patients with epilepsy with ≥11 seizures per month in the last 3 months. Comparison of PROMIS-10 mental health subset mean scores between patients with epilepsy care quality gaps, all patients with epilepsy, and the general (reference) population.

Influences of cytisine treatment on neurotransmitter levels in the hippocampi of epileptic rats. A–B: GABA and glutamate levels in the hippocampus were measured by colorimetry. Statistical results are as follows: GABA: F (5,18) = 11.924, p < 0.05, n = 4; normal vs. epilepsy, *p < 0.05; epilepsy vs. epilepsy + Cyt, p > 0.05; epilepsy + Cyt vs. epilepsy + Cyt + α-bgt, p > 0.05; Glu: F (5,18) = 21.889, p < 0.05, n = 4; normal vs. epilepsy, *p < 0.05; epilepsy vs. epilepsy + Cyt, ^# p < 0.05; epilepsy + Cyt vs. epilepsy + Cyt + α-bgt, ^$ p < 0.05. C–D: GLT-1 expression in the hippocampus was analyzed by Western blotting.Statistical results are as follows: GLT-1:F (5,18) = 19.741,p < 0.05, n = 4; normal vs. epilepsy, *p < 0.05; epilepsy vs. epilepsy + Cyt, ^# p < 0.05; epilepsy + Cyt vs. epilepsy + Cyt + α-bgt, ^$ p < 0.05.

A, missense mutations (circles) and in-frame deletions (triangles). B, truncation mutations (stars). The clinical type of epilepsy is indicated by colour: GEFS+, generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures plus; SMEI, severe myoclonic epilepsy of infancy; SMEIb, borderline SMEI; ICEGTC, idiopathic childhood epilepsy with generalized tonic–clonic seizures; IS, infantile spasms; CGE, cryptogenic generalized epilepsy; CFE, cryptogenic focal epilepsy; MAE, myoclonic astatic epilepsy; SIGEI, severe idiopathic generalized epilepsy of infancy. Courtesy of M. Meisler and J. Kearney ().

Cytisine enhances cholinergic transmission in the hippocampi of epileptic rats. A–C: The expression of α7nAChRs in the hippocampus was stained by immunohistochemistry. Statistical results are as follows: F (5,12) = 26.033, p < 0.05, n = 3; normal vs. epilepsy, *p < 0.05; epilepsy vs. epilepsy + Cyt, ^# p < 0.05; epilepsy + Cyt vs. epilepsy + Cyt + α-bgt, ^$ p < 0.05. D–E: The expression of α7nAChRs in the hippocampus was analyzed by Western blotting. Statistical results are as follows: F (5,18) = 4.271, p < 0.05, n = 4; normal vs. epilepsy, *p < 0.05; epilepsy vs. epilepsy + Cyt, ^# p < 0.05. F: ACh levels in the hippocampus were measured by colorimetry. Statistical results are as follows: F (5,18) = 6.705, p < 0.05, n = 4; normal vs. epilepsy, *p < 0.05; epilepsy vs. epilepsy + Cyt, ^# p < 0.05.